Blogs
What Is Alopecia?
Alopecia is a disorder that causes the hair to fall out. It can be caused by a variety of things, including genetics, hormones, and environmental…
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What Is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus. It is an extremely rare infection that can be deadly to humans. Monkeypox is spread…
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder that occurs when an individual has a grandiose sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy…
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Brain Health Assessment
A brain health assessment is the first step in restoring and preserving cognitive function. A comprehensive evaluation of your brain can identify any potential issues…
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13 Brain Health Tips
The brain is the centerpiece of human intellect and the ability to think, learn, and remember. It is responsible for our emotions and overall well-being.…
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Neurodegenerative Diseases
Degenerative diseases of the nervous system or neurodegenerative diseases are conditions that cause damage to the brain and spinal cord. These diseases can be caused…
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What Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that can develop after someone experiences a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, sexual assault, or violent…
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What Is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Major depressive disorder is a serious mental disorder that affects more than 20 million Americans. It’s the leading cause of disability in the US, and…
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What Is Asperger’s Syndrome?
Asperger’s syndrome is a disorder on the autistic spectrum that affects social interaction and communication. People with Asperger’s syndrome may have difficulty understanding social cues…
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What Is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania, elevated mood, euphoria, depression, or a low mood. It affects…
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What Are Anxiety Disorders?
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause significant problems in daily life. They can include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder,…
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder that affects the behavior of people with inattention and hyperactivity. It is one of the most…
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What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which people have recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are difficult to stop. The…
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How to Keep Your Nervous System Healthy and Happy
The nervous system is responsible for controlling many body functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. A healthy nervous system is essential for…
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What Is the Nervous System and What Does It Do?
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and the peripheric nervous system. The function of the nervous system is to send signals…
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10 Signs You May Have a Spinal Cord Disease
The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting messages between your brain and body. It contains nerves that send signals from your brain to tell your…
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What Are the Different Types of Spinal Cord Problems?
Spinal cord diseases are serious medical conditions that can cause paralysis, loss of sensation, and other disabilities. The most common spinal cord disease is cervical…
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What Is Brain Imaging (Neuroimaging)?
Neuroimaging, also known as neuro scanning or brain imaging, refers to several methods of visualizing the inner workings of the brain by producing two- or…
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What Is the Brainstem?
The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the front part of the brain (cerebrum) to the spinal cord and the cerebellum. It…
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What Are the Main Types of Brain Tumors?
Brain tumors are categorized according to their brain tissue origin and how fast they grow. Fast-growing brain tumors are known as high-grade tumors, while slow-growing…
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What Is the Reward System of the Brain?
The brain reward system or mesocorticolimbic circuit is a brain circuit that controls addictive behaviors, mood, feeding behaviors, positive emotions (e.g., pleasure), and learning [1].…
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What Are the Common Antiemetics?
Antiemetics are drugs used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting due to multiple causes. Based on their mechanism of action, the most common antiemetics…
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Can a Fungal Infection Cause Brain Lesions?
Fungal infections of the brain become more common over the past 2 decades and can cause the following syndromes [1]: Fungal MeningitisFungal MeningoencephalitisFungal Brain AbscessRhino-cerebral…
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What Are the 5 Classic Signs of Inflammation?
Inflammation is a natural process by which the body’s immune system fights against injuries, infections, chemicals, and radiation. It is characterized by the following signs:…
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What Is Called When You Have Worms in Your Brain?
The most known parasite infection of the brain is Neurocysticercosis or Cysticercosis Cellulosae which is caused by the flatworm (Cestode), Taenia solium. It is transmitted…
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What Is Restless Leg Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease)?
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs due to itching, throbbing, and…
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What Is the Most Common Adult Parasomnia?
The most common adult parasomnia is nightmare disorder which has a lifetime prevalence of 66.2% in adults. It is classified as a REM-related parasomnia [1].…
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What Are the Different Types of Eating Disorders?
Eating disorders are classified according to the eating behavior such as limiting or exceeding the amount of food eaten, unhealthy purging of the eaten food,…
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What Are the Five Signs of Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting the sleep-wake cycles characterized by the following symptoms: Excessive daytime sleepinessCatalepsyHallucinationsSleep paralysisAlterations in rapid eye movement sleep In…
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What are the arteries that supply blood to the brain?
The brain receives blood from two pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries which come together to form the circle of…
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What Drugs Are Used to Treat Vertigo?
Vertigo is an illusion of being in movement or that your surrounding is in movement. It manifests with nausea, vomiting, sweating, and walking difficulty. Treatment…
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What Is the Difference Between Sedatives and Anxiolytics?
Sedatives are drugs that reduce excitation and irritability, while anxiolytics are drugs that treat anxiety disorders such as social disorder or panic disorder. However, excitation…
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What Are Anticonvulsant Drugs Used For?
Anticonvulsant drugs, also known as antiepileptic or antiseizure drugs, are used for the treatment of epileptic seizures. Based on the type and mechanism of action,…
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What Does Analgesic Do to the Body?
Analgesics or pain killers are drugs used to relieve pain without losing consciousness. They are classified into the following categories: Nonopioid AnalgesicsOpioid AnalgesicsAdjuvant Analgesics Nonopioid…
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What Part of the Brain Controls Executive Function?
Executive functions are mainly controlled by the prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the orbitofrontal…
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What Part of the Brain Controls Breathing?
During normal quiet breathing, respiratory muscles are controlled by the medulla in the brainstem and during voluntary and behavioral breathing, respiratory muscles are controlled by…
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What Part of the Brain Is Responsible for Speech and Language?
Speech and language are controlled by several areas in the brain, including Broca’s area in the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere, Wernicke’s area…
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What Are the Main Functions of the Cerebellum?
The cerebellum is situated at the base of the brain in the posterior cranial fossa (the most posterior part of the skull base) and has…
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What Is the Limbic System and What Is Its Function?
The limbic system is a set of brain structures involved in the control of emotions, long-term memory, behavior, and olfaction [1]. It is made of…
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What Are the 12 Cranial Nerves and Their Functions?
Cranial nerves arise from the brain as 12 pairs and function as relays of information between the brain and other parts of the body. They…
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Are there any diseases that affect the endocrine system?
There are several diseases that affect the endocrine system, and the most common ones are: DiabetesHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismAddison’s DiseaseCushing’s DiseaseAcromegalyDwarfismGigantismHypogonadismPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 1. What Is Diabetes?…
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What are the major glands of the endocrine system?
Endocrine glands are groups of cells that secrete hormones (chemical substances) in the bloodstream to regulate the function of cells and tissues in the body…
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What Part of the Brain Controls Memory?
There are several parts of the brain where memories are stored depending on the type of memories: Explicit Memories are long-term memories that are stored…
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What Are the Most Common Neurotoxins in Food?
Neurotoxins are chemicals that interfere with the normal function of the nervous system by damaging brain cells and tissues. The following chemicals found in food…
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What Causes Balance Issues in Older Adults?
A balance issue is a feeling of being unsteady, dizzy, confused, floating, spinning, or lightheaded. There are many disorders and conditions that cause balance issues:…
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What Are Some of the Most Common Eye Diseases?
The following diseases and conditions are the leading causes of blindness and low vision: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)CataractGlaucomaDiabetic RetinopathyStrabismusAmblyopiaRefractive Errors In the United States, more…
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What Are the 4 Lobes of the Brain?
There are 4 lobes on each hemisphere of the brain: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe. Each lobe…
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What Are the Most Common Viral Infections of the Brain?
Viral infections of the brain can cause brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, associated with the following viruses [1]: Herpes Simplex VirusVaricella Zoster VirusEnterovirusesEpstein-Barr VirusCytomegalovirusAdenovirusRubellaMeaslesMumpsJapanese Encephalitis…
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What Are the Most Common Bacterial Infections in Humans?
A bacterial infection is the invasion and multiplication of bacteria in the body tissues causing damage and immune reactions [1]. The most common bacterial infections…
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What Are the Tissues of the Body?
Tissues are made of cells that share morphological features to achieve specific functions within the body. They are 4 types of tissue in our body:…
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What Are the Most Common Skin Diseases?
Skin diseases are associated with conditions that affect the structure or function of the skin, causing irritation, clogging, or damage. Although there are many skin…
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What Are the Most Common Cardiovascular Diseases?
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases that affect the normal function of the heart and blood vessel circulation. The most common cardiovascular diseases include: Coronary Heart DiseaseStrokePeripheral…
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What Are the Most Common Joint Diseases?
Joint diseases include any pathology affecting an articulation or more, resulting in inflammation and degeneration of the articular tissues. The following disorders are the most…
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What Are the Most Common Bone Diseases?
Bone diseases are characterized by alterations in the formation, mineralization, and resorption of the bone tissue. The following are the most common diseases of the…
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What Controls Body Temperature?
The body temperature is controlled by a small area of the brain known as the hypothalamus which maintains the body’s temperature through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus…
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What Part of the Brain Controls Touch?
The sense of touch is controlled by the somatosensory cortex located in a region of the parietal lobe known as the post-central gyrus that is…
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How Does the Brain Processes Sound?
Sounds are detected by the ears in the form of vibrations and transformed into nerve impulses by specialized neurons which then transmit the sound (auditory)…
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Which Part of The Brain Controls Vision?
Vision information relayed from the eyes retinas is processed by the visual cortex which is a part of the occipital lobe found at the back…
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How Does Taste Work in the Brain?
The part of the brain responsible for taste (gustation) is known as the gustatory cortex or primary gustatory cortex. It is involved in the perception…
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How Does Smell Get from the Nose to the Brain?
Odorous substances in the air are processed through the following steps: Odour sensing by receptors of the olfactory sensory neurons in the nose.The olfactory sensory…
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What Is the Main Cause of Arteriosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis is the thickening of small size arteries caused by an injury of the artery wall, aging, hypertension, or diabetes [1]. The hardening of small…
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How Do You Know If You Have a Tic Disorder?
Tics are involuntary and repetitive sounds (vocal tics) or movements (motor tics) that can be rapid, sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic [1]. They are due to…
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What Are the Most Common Delusions?
A delusion is a psychotic disorder where an individual has a fixed belief in an incorrect perception of reality. The most common delusions are: Persecutory…
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What Causes the Brain to Hallucinate?
Hallucinations are due to many causes that are associated with the type of hallucination. The most common causes are: Mental health disorders such as schizophrenia,…
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What Neurological Disorders Can Be Inherited?
Hereditary neurological disorders are also known as hereditary neuropathies and are divided into 4 groups corresponding to the type of affected neurons: Hereditary motor and…
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What Is Neuroinflammation of the Brain?
Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1-…
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Which Autoimmune Disease Affects the Central Nervous System?
They are several diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Neuromyelitis Optica…
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Is It True That Fish Is Brain Food?
Fish is rich in omega 3 fatty acids that have been shown to lower the risk of cognitive disorders such as impairment of learning, memory,…
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How to Improve the Brain Function?
The brain is the complex organ of the body that requires constant care to ensure its full function and for as long as possible. There…
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What Foods Are Central Nervous System Stimulants?
There are several foods that contain substances that stimulate the body’s central nervous system (CNS). These foods include: CoffeeChocolateTeaAlcoholTobacco However, before discussing foods that are…
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Is Pain an Emotion?
Pain is not only emotion as it is both a sensory and emotional experience. An individual can feel pain after being physically hurt (sensory) such…
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What Causes Sciatic Nerve Pain?
Sciatic nerve pain or Sciatica is due to the compression of the sciatic nerve in the lower back triggered by the following causes: Direct Sciatic…
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What Are the Most Common Mineral Deficiencies?
Deficiencies in iron, zinc, and iodine are the most prominent as they have important negative impacts on public health, while other deficiencies, such as magnesium,…
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What Is a Mood Disorder?
A mood disorder is an emotional state or mood characterized by inconsistency or swings in expressing emotions such as sadness, irritability, aggressivity, impulsivity, and excessive…
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What Is the Reason for Snoring?
During sleep, the whole body relaxes, including the mouth, tongue, and airways (nose and throat) which make them vibrate when we breathe causing snoring. It…
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What Are the 7 Major Nutrients for Mental Health?
Mental health issues can be prevented or significantly reduced by ensuring that the foods we eat contain the following nutrients: Omega-3B VitaminsAmino AcidsEssential MineralsVitamin DPlant-Based…
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What Are the Essential Minerals for the Body?
Essential minerals (nutrients) are crucial for the function of the body. There are 17 essential minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine,…
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What Are the 7 Major Neurotransmitters (and Their Role in Diseases)?
Neurotransmitters are messengers that transmit specific chemical instructions from a neuron to another neuron and from neurons to tissues and organs. The 7 major neurotransmitters…
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What Are Vitamins Needed For?
Vitamins are essential for the maintenance and function of cells, tissues, and organs of our body through their roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins,…
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Why Am I Always Hungry?
Being hungry is natural and can be due to increased physical activity or pregnancy. However, an increased appetite over a long period of time could…
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What Are the Causes of Chondrocalcinosis?
Chondrocalcinosis is a disease characterized by the accumulation of calcium phosphate crystals (Pyrophosphate) in the joints. It is mainly due to magnesium deficiency; however, it…
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Does Sleep Apnea Cause Cardiovascular Diseases?
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause cardiovascular diseases through the following mechanisms: Sympathetic activationIntrathoracic pressure changesOxidative stressAbnormalities in coagulation factorsEndothelial damageInflammatory mediators Approximately 34% of…
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At What Age Does the Immune System Weaken?
The immune system starts to become weak around the age of 60 years through a process known as immunosenescence. It is estimated that 2 billion…
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Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder
Emotionally unstable personality disorder or borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder that affects impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. BPD is characterized by…
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What Are the Causes of Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a complex and severe mental health disorder that is classified as a type of psychosis. It is characterized by significant alterations in thoughts,…
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Are Energy Drinks Bad for You?
Energy drinks are one of the most consumed dietary supplements that are popular among men between the ages of 18-34 years and teens between the…
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The Most Common Cause of Anemia in the Elderly
Iron Deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in the elderly. It is due to abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract such as stomach ulcers…
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Why Am I feeling dizzy all the time?
Dizziness is a common feeling of being light-headed and unsteady that is not generally associated with a serious condition. Large population-based studies reported that dizziness…
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What Is Seasonal Affective Disorder?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of seasonal depression characterized by major depressive episodes in the fall/winter and remissions in spring/summer. The symptoms include…
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Can an Athlete Have Heart Failure?
Although non-pathological and often asymptomatic, high-intensity exercise and training can lead to structural, functional, and electrical transformations of the athlete’s heart. This exercise-adaptative physiological remodeling is…
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Does Mobile Phone Use Affect the brain?
Due to the high levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields that are emitted by mobile phones, there are concerns about their potential association with brain cancer.…
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Why Do I Feel High After Working Out?
When we exercise or follow a training fitness program, it is believed that the pituitary gland in the brain releases endorphins that block pain receptors…
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Why I Am Losing My Hair?
Hair loss or alopecia is a temporary or permanent loss of hair that mainly affects men but is also observed in women. Hear loss is…
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What Are the Hallmarks of Aging?
Aging is a natural and time-dependent decline in body function due to alterations at the molecular and cellular levels that leads to changes in the…
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What Is the Biology of Insomnia?
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep that can last for days or weeks (short-term insomnia) or for more than 6…
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What Are the Mechanisms of Wound Healing?
Wound healing is a natural reaction of our body to tissue injury that involves crosstalk between different cells, cytokines, mediators, and the vascular system to…
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Is GDF11 a Rejuvenating Factor?
The growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) or bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-b) that…
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What Is the Biology of Fear and Anxiety?
Fear is a primitive human emotion that is caused by specific threat-related stimuli leading to adaptive behaviors aimed at preventing or coping with that threat.…
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What Is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is an illness characterized by profound disabling tiredness, a diminished capacity to perform routine tasks, and sleep…
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Stem Cell Exhaustion and Aging
Following the fecundation of an egg by a sperm, the fertilized egg begins a series of cell divisions that leads to the formation of a…
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What Are the Applications of Nanomedicine?
Nanomedicine is an area of medical applications that focus on the use of nanotechnology for the diagnostic of diseases, delivery of drugs, and repair of…
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Video Gaming Effects on Mental Health
Approximately 2.7 billion video gamers were reported worldwide in 2020 and this number is likely to increase in the next years and decades with the…
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What Are Human Adult Stem Cells?
Adult stem cells or adult tissue-specific stem cells are non-embryonic stem cells that are found in the tissues and organs of adults. They have the…
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Effects of Glucose Supply on Infections
Using proteomic and metabolic screening of patients with sepsis, an extreme reaction state to infections, a study reported that glucose, fatty acids, and beta-oxidation pathways…
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What is Immunotherapy of Cancer?
Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that promotes the effect of the immune system in attacking cancer. For this purpose, it relies on several…
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Health Benefits of Zinc Intake
Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in a wide variety of food from plant and animal origins. It plays an important role…
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What is Precision or Personalized Medicine?
Although therapies are efficient in treating diseases, some of the treatments can be more efficient in some patients, while for others, the response is mitigated.…
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What Causes Headaches and Migraines?
A Headache is a symptom of continuous pain in the head, face, or neck that can last from 30 minutes to several hours, while a…
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Molecular Biology Techniques in Cancer Diagnosis
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells known as proliferation that may lead to invasion and destruction of local…
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Slowing Down Short-Term Memory Loss
Short-term memory (STM) is the ability of the mind to consciously store, maintain, and manipulate phonological (speech sound), spatial, and visual information for limited periods…
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Gut Flora Metabolic Products and Cancer
The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells…
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Health Benefits of Magnesium Intake
Magnesium (Mg) is one of the most abundant cations in the body, and it is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including adenosine triphosphate…
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How to Naturally Alleviate Depression
Depression is a mental state characterized by psychological symptoms such as low mood and self-esteem, irritability and intolerance to others, difficulty in making decisions, anxiety,…
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Can We Control Aging and Extend Lifespan?
Aging is the natural process of getting old and is characterized by physiological changes that affect the cardiovascular, osteomuscular, digestive, and urinary systems. Memory and…
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Low-Stress For A Low Risk of Infections
Prolonged stress or chronic stress promotes susceptibility to diseases and infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, respiratory viral infections, meningitis, and other central nervous system infections.…
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How Walking and Dancing Improve Brain Function
White matter is parts of the brain that comprise myelinated axons, while grey matter comprises neurons bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, and synapses. Myelin that covers…
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Grey Hair and Stress: Not Just Age
Melanocytes are cells that specialize in producing melanin pigments, responsible for the color of the skin and hair. They are typically located in the basal…
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Cancer a Failed By-product of Genetic Evolution?
Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrollable division of cells that can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through…
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Genetically Unlucky? Work On Your Epigenetics
Epigenetics is a natural and regular process by which environmental and behavioral factors affect the expression and activity of genes, independently of alterations in DNA…
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Influence of the Gut Flora on Stress and Anxiety
The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells…
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Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that produce about 90% of the chemical energy (ATP) that is required for the survival of cells. This energy is produced…
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The Tumor Microenvironment: A Malignancy Bunker
The tumor microenvironment (TME) or tumor niche is a highly heterogeneous complex that is comprised of cells such as stromal cells, immune cells, epithelial cells,…
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Why Are Some Mammals More Resistant to Cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells leading to the invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues and organs. Another…
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How Genes Affect Human Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat that can lead to negative effects on health [1]. Medically, it is measured…
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Medical Applications of Generative Design and 3D Printing
3D printing is becoming a major tool in manufacturing, industrial, medical, and sociocultural applications. This technology allows the construction of a three-dimensional object from 3D…
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Exercise and Cognitive Deficits
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as aging-related neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries result in severe cognitive deficits that are associated with atrophy of the hippocampus, a brain structure involved…
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Does the Brain Produce New Cells?
For a long time, the brain was thought to exclusively contain finally differentiated cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These highly specialized cells are…
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Emerging Viruses: Prevention and Treatment
In the past decade, several types of viruses emerged from around the world. Some of these such as Covid-19 are already a reality that is…
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Is Gene Therapy the Way Forward in Treating Genetic Diseases?
Gene therapy is a field of biology or medicine that focuses on introducing or replacing defective genes that are involved in the etiology of some genetic diseases.…
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The Gut Flora and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
The hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the accumulation of “senile” plaques that are composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein that surround neurons in…
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Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Drugs
Stem cells are responsible for the generation of all tissues and organs within the body. When these cells become mutated at the gene level (DNA),…
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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative medicine is a therapeutic medical field that focuses on developing technologies that use stem cells to replace, engineer, or regenerate human or animal cells,…
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The Gut Flora and Long Lifespan
The gut flora is a heterogeneous population of micro-organisms that includes bacteria, fungi, and archaea, and that plays important role in the digestion and absorbance…
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Microcirculation Promotes a Long and Healthy Life
Microcirculation is a network of blood vessels that provide tissues and organs with essential nutrients and oxygen for their maintenance, activities, and survival, while also…
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Epigenetic Diet and Longer Lifespan
Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference, have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating the expression of genes that are…
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Chronic inflammation and longevity
Several studies have identified a link between chronic inflammation and longevity [1]. Although inflammation, such as acute inflammation is an essential event in immune response…
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