What Causes Headaches and Migraines? -

A Headache is a symptom of continuous pain in the head, face, or neck that can last from 30 minutes to several hours, while a migraine is a severe form of headache that manifests as an excruciating pain on one side of the head accompanied by a feeling of sickness and an increased sensitivity to light and sound.

1. Physiological Mechanisms of Headaches and Migraines

Migraine can be due to a genetic complex familial disorder that is most likely governed by several genes, however, both headache and migraine are caused by trigeminal nerve activation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from the trigeminovascular system.

The trigeminal nerve transmits sensations of touch and pain in the face and motor functions. These sensations are transmitted through the nerve’s three major branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves [1].

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide produced and secreted by the thyroid C cells and stored in the trigeminovascular system, which consists of a complex of sensory neurons that innervate cerebral blood vessels, pial vessels, dura mater, and large venous sinuses.

Once released from these neurons, CGRP has been associated with nociceptive transmission (perception or sensation of pain), and release from perivascular nerve endings causing neurogenic vasodilatation [2].

2. Causes of Headaches and Migraines

Several causes trigger a headache and migraine, and among these, stress, environment, diet, hormones, lack of sleep, and gallbladder disorders, are the main ones.

A. Stress and Migraines

Migraines and headaches are often caused by stress. When a person is stressed, the body releases certain hormones which can trigger migraines and headaches. These hormones can cause the blood vessels in the head to dilate, leading to pain [3].

Additionally, stress can lead to tension headaches, which are caused by muscle contractions in the neck and head. Tension headaches are the most common type of headache, and they can be triggered by stress, fatigue, poor posture, and eyestrain.

B. Diet and Migraines

Many experts believe that diet may play a role. Some foods are known to trigger migraines and headaches, including aged cheeses, processed meats, nuts, and chocolate. Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine can also bring on these unpleasant symptoms [4].

If you suffer from migraines or headaches, it’s important to keep track of what foods seem to aggravate them. Try eliminating suspected triggers from your diet for a few weeks and see if your symptoms improve. You may also want to try eating smaller meals more often throughout the day instead of three large meals. Getting enough sleep and regular exercise can also help reduce the likelihood of migraines and headaches.

C. Gall Bladder and Migraines

The association between the gall bladder and migraines has been shown by a study of 20,427 patients who were diagnosed with gallbladder stone disease (GSD) between 2000 and 2011 from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The study reported a greater cumulative incidence of migraines in patients with GSD compared with those without GSD [5].

D. Environmental Factors and Migraines

Environmental factors that cause headaches and migraines are associated with seasonal allergies and weather changes that can affect the sinuses.

E. Hormones and Migraines

A link between hormones such as estrogens and migraines has also been reported. This is reflected by the increased frequency of migraines during menstruation [6].

F. Sleep and Migraines

Finally, a lack of sleep is another cause of headaches and migraines. This interaction was shown by a study of 50 migraineurs which confirmed previous observations that sleep is a common way of ending the headache phase [7].

3. Headaches and Migraines treatment

Migraines can be debilitating and frustrating. Many people do not know how to treat them. There are many treatments for migraines, but what works for one person may not work for another. Some people find that over-the-counter medications work well (e.g., Ibuprofen or Aspirin), while others need prescription medication.

Some people find that they need to see a neurologist to get help with their migraines. Several alternative treatments can help, including acupuncture and chiropractic care.

4. Frequently Asked Questions About What Causes Headaches and Migraines

What causes headaches and migraines?

Headaches and migraines can be caused by various factors, including stress, tension, dehydration, lack of sleep, hormonal changes, certain foods, environmental factors, and underlying health conditions.

Can weather changes cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, some people are sensitive to changes in weather patterns, such as barometric pressure changes, which can trigger headaches and migraines.

Are headaches and migraines hereditary?

There is evidence to suggest that genetics play a role in predisposing individuals to migraines. If one or both parents have a history of migraines, there’s an increased likelihood of experiencing them.

Can food and drinks trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, certain foods and drinks, such as aged cheeses, processed meats, caffeine, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners, can trigger headaches and migraines in susceptible individuals.

Can stress cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, stress is a common trigger for both tension headaches and migraines. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and mindfulness can help reduce the frequency and severity of headaches.

Are there any specific environmental factors that can trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, environmental factors such as bright lights, loud noises, strong odors, and changes in altitude or air pressure can trigger headaches and migraines in some people.

Can hormonal changes trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can trigger migraines in some individuals.

Are there certain medical conditions that can cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure, sinus infections, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder, and intracranial abnormalities can cause headaches and migraines.

How can I determine what triggers my headaches and migraines?

Keeping a headache diary can help identify triggers by tracking factors such as food and drink intake, sleep patterns, stress levels, weather changes, and menstrual cycles, along with headache occurrence.

When should I see a doctor about my headaches and migraines?

You should see a doctor if you experience severe or frequent headaches, headaches that worsen over time, headaches accompanied by other symptoms such as vision changes, numbness, weakness, or difficulty speaking, or if your headaches interfere with daily activities despite over-the-counter treatments.

Conclusion

Although some headaches and migraines appear to be due to a hereditary genetic complex familial disorder, most are due to stress and diet that can be individually controllable through a healthy lifestyle.

Other types of headaches and migraines are periodic due to menstruation in women and environmental changes. However, treatment for gallbladder stone disease is required for related headaches and migraines.