Vision information relayed from the eyes retinas is processed by the visual cortex which is a part of the occipital lobe found at the back of the brain. There are two parts of the visual cortex according to the two brain hemispheres: the right visual cortex and the left visual cortex. The right visual cortex…
The part of the brain responsible for taste (gustation) is known as the gustatory cortex or primary gustatory cortex. It is involved in the perception and differentiation between different types of taste [1]. However, there are several steps before taste information reaches the gustatory cortex for processing: The papillae contain taste buds that are specialized…
Odorous substances in the air are processed through the following steps: 1. What Part of the Brain Is Most Responsible for Smell? There are several and important parts of the brain that are responsible for smell; however, the olfactory bulb is responsible for transmitting the olfactory (smell) information from the olfactory nerves to the brain…
Arteriosclerosis is the thickening of small size arteries caused by an injury of the artery wall, aging, hypertension, or diabetes [1]. The hardening of small size arteries is due to a process known as intimal hyperplasia that is caused by the following lesions: A small or medium-sized artery is composed inside out from the following…
Tics are involuntary and repetitive sounds (vocal tics) or movements (motor tics) that can be rapid, sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic [1]. They are due to an urge or sensation that eases after performing the movement or the sound. 1. What Are the Types of Tics? 1.1. Primary Tics Transient tic disorders are motor or vocal…
A delusion is a psychotic disorder where an individual has a fixed belief in an incorrect perception of reality. The most common delusions are: The risk of delusional disorder in the general population is estimated between 0.05% to 0.1% and affects individuals from the age of 18 years to 90 years [1]. The persecutory and…
Hallucinations are due to many causes that are associated with the type of hallucination. The most common causes are: More information on the different types of hallucinations and their causes are provided below. 1- How Do You Know If You Hallucinate? If an individual is hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and feeling (touch) things that are…
Hereditary neurological disorders are also known as hereditary neuropathies and are divided into 4 groups corresponding to the type of affected neurons: These neuropathies (pathology of the nervous system) affect both sensory and motor neurons. These neuropathies affect motor neurons. These neuropathies affect sensory neurons. These neuropathies affect sensory nerve cells and the autonomic nervous…
Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1- What Are cytokines? Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by white blood cells, such as lymphocytes T and lymphocytes B, and endothelial cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells….
They are several diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): 1- What Is an Autoimmune Disease? An autoimmune disease is when the body develops an abnormal immune response against certain parts of the body leading to their destruction. An abnormal autoimmune response is associated…
