Odorous substances in the air are processed through the following steps: 1. What Part of the Brain Is Most Responsible for Smell? There are several and important parts of the brain that are responsible for smell; however, the olfactory bulb is responsible for transmitting the olfactory (smell) information from the olfactory nerves to the brain…
Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1- What Are cytokines? Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by white blood cells, such as lymphocytes T and lymphocytes B, and endothelial cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells….
They are several diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): 1- What Is an Autoimmune Disease? An autoimmune disease is when the body develops an abnormal immune response against certain parts of the body leading to their destruction. An abnormal autoimmune response is associated…
During sleep, the whole body relaxes, including the mouth, tongue, and airways (nose and throat) which make them vibrate when we breathe causing snoring. It is estimated that about 40 percent of adult men and 24 percent of adult women are regular snorers [1]. 1. Is Snoring Dangerous? Although snoring is harmless, it can also be due to…
Iron Deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in the elderly. It is due to abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract such as stomach ulcers and cancer, and the reduction in iron supply through diet. It manifests with a reduced size and color of red blood cells. The prevalence of iron deficiency in individuals older…
Hair loss or alopecia is a temporary or permanent loss of hair that mainly affects men but is also observed in women. Hear loss is associated with disorders that affect your scalp or the entire body such as illness, stress, iron deficiency, genetics, weight loss, aging, cancer treatment, and lifestyle. What Is the Biology of…
Aging is a natural and time-dependent decline in body function due to alterations at the molecular and cellular levels that leads to changes in the function of the cardiovascular system, the brain, the digestive system, the bladder and urinary tract, the muscles, joints, and muscles, the eyes and ears, the teeth, and the skin. Changes…
Following the fecundation of an egg by a sperm, the fertilized egg begins a series of cell divisions that leads to the formation of a mass of cells known as the blastula. This mass contains two types of cell masses, the trophoblast, and the inner cell mass. The trophoblast leads to the formation of the…
Short-term memory (STM) is the ability of the mind to consciously store, maintain, and manipulate phonological (speech sound), spatial, and visual information for limited periods of time. Therefore, STM contributes to the learning of new information and aspects of speech comprehension and production. However, STM loss is observed during aging (after 55 years of age)…
The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells and organs of the body. However, some of the products of this metabolism have been associated with carcinogenic processes, such as tumor promotion (ammonia, secondary bile acids), mutagenesis (fecapenaenes), and…
