How Does Smell Get from the Nose to the Brain?

How Does Smell Get from the Nose to the Brain?

Odorous substances in the air are processed through the following steps: 1. What Part of the Brain Is Most Responsible for Smell? There are several and important parts of the brain that are responsible for smell; however, the olfactory bulb is responsible for transmitting the olfactory (smell) information from the olfactory nerves to the brain…

What Is Neuroinflammation of the Brain?

What Is Neuroinflammation of the Brain?

Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1- What Are cytokines? Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by white blood cells, such as lymphocytes T and lymphocytes B, and endothelial cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells….

Which Autoimmune Disease Affects the Central Nervous System?

Which Autoimmune Disease Affects the Central Nervous System?

They are several diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): 1- What Is an Autoimmune Disease? An autoimmune disease is when the body develops an abnormal immune response against certain parts of the body leading to their destruction. An abnormal autoimmune response is associated…

What Is the Reason for Snoring?

What Is the Reason for Snoring?

During sleep, the whole body relaxes, including the mouth, tongue, and airways (nose and throat) which make them vibrate when we breathe causing snoring. It is estimated that about 40 percent of adult men and 24 percent of adult women are regular snorers [1].  1. Is Snoring Dangerous? Although snoring is harmless, it can also be due to…

The Most Common Cause of Anemia in the Elderly

The Most Common Cause of Anemia in the Elderly

Iron Deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in the elderly. It is due to abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract such as stomach ulcers and cancer, and the reduction in iron supply through diet. It manifests with a reduced size and color of red blood cells. The prevalence of iron deficiency in individuals older…

Slowing Down Short-Term Memory Loss

Slowing Down Short-Term Memory Loss

Short-term memory (STM) is the ability of the mind to consciously store, maintain, and manipulate phonological (speech sound), spatial, and visual information for limited periods of time. Therefore, STM contributes to the learning of new information and aspects of speech comprehension and production. However, STM loss is observed during aging (after 55 years of age)…

Gut Flora Metabolic Products and Cancer

Gut Flora Metabolic Products and Cancer

The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells and organs of the body. However, some of the products of this metabolism have been associated with carcinogenic processes, such as tumor promotion (ammonia, secondary bile acids), mutagenesis (fecapenaenes), and…