Odorous substances in the air are processed through the following steps: 1. What Part of the Brain Is Most Responsible for Smell? There are several and important parts of the brain that are responsible for smell; however, the olfactory bulb is responsible for transmitting the olfactory (smell) information from the olfactory nerves to the brain…
Arteriosclerosis is the thickening of small size arteries caused by an injury of the artery wall, aging, hypertension, or diabetes [1]. The hardening of small size arteries is due to a process known as intimal hyperplasia that is caused by the following lesions: A small or medium-sized artery is composed inside out from the following…
Tics are involuntary and repetitive sounds (vocal tics) or movements (motor tics) that can be rapid, sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic [1]. They are due to an urge or sensation that eases after performing the movement or the sound. 1. What Are the Types of Tics? 1.1. Primary Tics Transient tic disorders are motor or vocal…
Hereditary neurological disorders are also known as hereditary neuropathies and are divided into 4 groups corresponding to the type of affected neurons: These neuropathies (pathology of the nervous system) affect both sensory and motor neurons. These neuropathies affect motor neurons. These neuropathies affect sensory neurons. These neuropathies affect sensory nerve cells and the autonomic nervous…
Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1- What Are cytokines? Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by white blood cells, such as lymphocytes T and lymphocytes B, and endothelial cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells….
They are several diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord): 1- What Is an Autoimmune Disease? An autoimmune disease is when the body develops an abnormal immune response against certain parts of the body leading to their destruction. An abnormal autoimmune response is associated…
Pain is not only emotion as it is both a sensory and emotional experience. An individual can feel pain after being physically hurt (sensory) such as falling, burning skin after long hours of training, or touching something hot. Being physically hurt will trigger an emotion afterward [1]. However, pain is not only physical because a…
Sciatic nerve pain or Sciatica is due to the compression of the sciatic nerve in the lower back triggered by the following causes: It is estimated that the annual incidence in the general population is between 1% to 5% and the lifetime incidence is between 10% and 40% [1]. 1- How Long Will Sciatica Take…
During sleep, the whole body relaxes, including the mouth, tongue, and airways (nose and throat) which make them vibrate when we breathe causing snoring. It is estimated that about 40 percent of adult men and 24 percent of adult women are regular snorers [1]. 1. Is Snoring Dangerous? Although snoring is harmless, it can also be due to…
Neurotransmitters are messengers that transmit specific chemical instructions from a neuron to another neuron and from neurons to tissues and organs. The 7 major neurotransmitters are: Neurotransmitters are produced by neurons and released in gaps that are found between neurons and between neurons and organs. These junctions are known as synapses. When neurotransmitters are released…
