The brain receives blood from two pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries which come together to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain [1]. 1. Internal Carotid Arteries Internal carotid arteries consist of the left internal carotid artery and the right internal carotid artery which run…
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases that affect the normal function of the heart and blood vessel circulation. The most common cardiovascular diseases include: Every 36 seconds, one person dies from cardiovascular disease and 659,000 individuals die from heart diseases in the United States [1]. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States….
Tics are involuntary and repetitive sounds (vocal tics) or movements (motor tics) that can be rapid, sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic [1]. They are due to an urge or sensation that eases after performing the movement or the sound. 1. What Are the Types of Tics? 1.1. Primary Tics Transient tic disorders are motor or vocal…
Hallucinations are due to many causes that are associated with the type of hallucination. The most common causes are: More information on the different types of hallucinations and their causes are provided below. 1- How Do You Know If You Hallucinate? If an individual is hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and feeling (touch) things that are…
Neurotransmitters are messengers that transmit specific chemical instructions from a neuron to another neuron and from neurons to tissues and organs. The 7 major neurotransmitters are: Neurotransmitters are produced by neurons and released in gaps that are found between neurons and between neurons and organs. These junctions are known as synapses. When neurotransmitters are released…
Magnesium (Mg) is one of the most abundant cations in the body, and it is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium deficiency has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including the development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and headaches [1]. Magnesium and Cardiovascular diseases Most reports…
