Is GDF11 a Rejuvenating Factor?

Is GDF11 a Rejuvenating Factor?

The growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) or bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-b) that is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, and the immune system [1]. GDF11 has been proposed as a rejuvenating factor as it was reported that it restores skeletal…

What Are Human Adult Stem Cells?

What Are Human Adult Stem Cells?

Adult stem cells or adult tissue-specific stem cells are non-embryonic stem cells that are found in the tissues and organs of adults. They have the specific characteristics of self-renewal and generate differentiated and specialized cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration following injuries or diseases. They are found in several organs including the brain,…

Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer

Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer

Mitochondria are cellular organelles that produce about 90% of the chemical energy (ATP) that is required for the survival of cells. This energy is produced through an enzymatic respiration cycle known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. These powerhouse structures possess their own DNA and transcriptional and translational machinery within the cells. They…

Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Drugs

Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Drugs

Stem cells are responsible for the generation of all tissues and organs within the body. When these cells become mutated at the gene level (DNA), they become cancerous and are named cancer stem cells [1]. These cancer cells are thought to provide resistance to chemotherapy and relapse in cancer patients. The mutations can affect embryonic…

Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine is a therapeutic medical field that focuses on developing technologies that use stem cells to replace, engineer, or regenerate human or animal cells, tissues, or organs with the aim of restoring or establishing normal function. Stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into different types of cells that are found in…