The brain receives blood from two pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries which come together to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain [1]. 1. Internal Carotid Arteries Internal carotid arteries consist of the left internal carotid artery and the right internal carotid artery which run…
Analgesics or pain killers are drugs used to relieve pain without losing consciousness. They are classified into the following categories: Nonopioid Analgesics include drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and dipyrone. Opioid Analgesics or narcotic analgesics include drugs such as morphine, codeine, tramadol, and tapentadol. Adjuvant Analgesics include drugs such as GABA agonists,…
The sense of touch is controlled by the somatosensory cortex located in a region of the parietal lobe known as the post-central gyrus that is found on the middle top of the brain. In addition to its role in controlling touch, the somatosensory cortex is also involved in sensing temperature, pain, and body position and…
