Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that promotes the effect of the immune system in attacking cancer. For this purpose, it relies on several types of applications, including immune system modulators, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive cell transfer. Immune system modulators This type of immunotherapy aims to boost the number of white blood…
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells known as proliferation that may lead to invasion and destruction of local and surrounding tissues and organs. This invasion step may be followed by the passage of the invasive cancer cells into the circulatory system and their spreading to other organs of…
Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrollable division of cells that can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. This uncontrollable division or proliferation is associated with genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes that control cell division, DNA repair, and apoptosis. These genetic alterations…
The tumor microenvironment (TME) or tumor niche is a highly heterogeneous complex that is comprised of cells such as stromal cells, immune cells, epithelial cells, and a network of extracellular macromolecules. This complex provides support for cancer cells within the extracellular matrix (EC) and plays a key role in promoting their progression into a more…
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells leading to the invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues and organs. Another characteristic is their capacity to spread to other organs of the body where they establish a new niche of cancerous cells through a process named metastasis. Several factors, such as…
Stem cells are responsible for the generation of all tissues and organs within the body. When these cells become mutated at the gene level (DNA), they become cancerous and are named cancer stem cells [1]. These cancer cells are thought to provide resistance to chemotherapy and relapse in cancer patients. The mutations can affect embryonic…
