Following the fecundation of an egg by a sperm, the fertilized egg begins a series of cell divisions that leads to the formation of a mass of cells known as the blastula. This mass contains two types of cell masses, the trophoblast, and the inner cell mass. The trophoblast leads to the formation of the…
The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells and organs of the body. However, some of the products of this metabolism have been associated with carcinogenic processes, such as tumor promotion (ammonia, secondary bile acids), mutagenesis (fecapenaenes), and…
Aging is the natural process of getting old and is characterized by physiological changes that affect the cardiovascular, osteomuscular, digestive, and urinary systems. Memory and thinking skills, sexuality, and weight are also affected by this process. However, with the advances in genetic techniques, several research groups have shown that single genes can have a dramatic…
The gut flora is a heterogeneous population of micro-organisms that includes bacteria, fungi, and archaea, and that plays important role in the digestion and absorbance of food. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from younger mice (Donor) to older (Recipient) enhanced their health and lifespan (longevity). During the process of aging, the function of beneficial microbes, that…
Microcirculation is a network of blood vessels that provide tissues and organs with essential nutrients and oxygen for their maintenance, activities, and survival, while also cleansing the body’s waste products [1]. Therefore, a better microcirculation is key for longer and healthier life, and its impairment can lead to premature deaths [2][3]. Why Do Nonagenarians and…
Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference, have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating the expression of genes that are involved in age-related diseases and longevity [1]. These mechanisms are mediated by modifying histone enzymes and noncoding RNAs. However, several environmental and dietary factors can lead to their imbalance, leading…
Several studies have identified a link between chronic inflammation and longevity [1]. Although inflammation, such as acute inflammation is an essential event in immune response and tissue homeostasis, chronic inflammation has been associated with chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. These diseases are the main causes of bad quality of life,…
