During normal quiet breathing, respiratory muscles are controlled by the medulla in the brainstem and during voluntary and behavioral breathing, respiratory muscles are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe [1]. The medulla oblongata is situated in the lower part of the brainstem where it has autonomic (involuntary) functions such as the control…
Bone diseases are characterized by alterations in the formation, mineralization, and resorption of the bone tissue. The following are the most common diseases of the bone tissue: 1. What is Bone Made of? The bone is a hard connective tissue (support and connect tissues) that contains a honey-comb shaped structure made of a mineralized matrix…
Gene therapy is a field of biology or medicine that focuses on introducing or replacing defective genes that are involved in the etiology of some genetic diseases. To introduce or replace defective genes, this approach involves using viral or non-viral vectors to insert healthy copies of genes into the cells of affected people to re-establish their normal…
