Fungal infections of the brain become more common over the past 2 decades and can cause the following syndromes [1]: 1. What Is Fungal Meningitis and What Causes It? Fungal meningitis is the inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord which is caused by the following genera of fungi: Fungal meningitis…
Inflammation is a natural process by which the body’s immune system fights against injuries, infections, chemicals, and radiation. It is characterized by the following signs: 1. What Is the Main Cause of Inflammation in the Body? There are many causes of inflammation that is triggered by the body’s immune system: 2. What Happens During Inflammation?…
The immune system starts to become weak around the age of 60 years through a process known as immunosenescence. It is estimated that 2 billion people will have an age of over 60 by 2050 [1], and therefore, would be affected by immunosenescence. What Is Immunosenescence? Immunosenescence is the process of aging of our immune…
Hair loss or alopecia is a temporary or permanent loss of hair that mainly affects men but is also observed in women. Hear loss is associated with disorders that affect your scalp or the entire body such as illness, stress, iron deficiency, genetics, weight loss, aging, cancer treatment, and lifestyle. What Is the Biology of…
Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that promotes the effect of the immune system in attacking cancer. For this purpose, it relies on several types of applications, including immune system modulators, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive cell transfer. Immune system modulators This type of immunotherapy aims to boost the number of white blood…
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells known as proliferation that may lead to invasion and destruction of local and surrounding tissues and organs. This invasion step may be followed by the passage of the invasive cancer cells into the circulatory system and their spreading to other organs of…
The gut flora (microbiota) plays an important role in human health through their metabolic function in breaking down ingested food to provide nutrients to cells and organs of the body. However, some of the products of this metabolism have been associated with carcinogenic processes, such as tumor promotion (ammonia, secondary bile acids), mutagenesis (fecapenaenes), and…
Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrollable division of cells that can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. This uncontrollable division or proliferation is associated with genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes that control cell division, DNA repair, and apoptosis. These genetic alterations…
Epigenetics is a natural and regular process by which environmental and behavioral factors affect the expression and activity of genes, independently of alterations in DNA sequences (genotype), such as during genetic mutations. These modifications can be transmitted to daughter cells and are influenced by several factors, including age, the environment, lifestyles, and disease states. These factors…
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that produce about 90% of the chemical energy (ATP) that is required for the survival of cells. This energy is produced through an enzymatic respiration cycle known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. These powerhouse structures possess their own DNA and transcriptional and translational machinery within the cells. They…
