The growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) or bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-b) that is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, and the immune system [1]. GDF11 has been proposed as a rejuvenating factor as it was reported that it restores skeletal…
Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrollable division of cells that can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. This uncontrollable division or proliferation is associated with genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes that control cell division, DNA repair, and apoptosis. These genetic alterations…
The tumor microenvironment (TME) or tumor niche is a highly heterogeneous complex that is comprised of cells such as stromal cells, immune cells, epithelial cells, and a network of extracellular macromolecules. This complex provides support for cancer cells within the extracellular matrix (EC) and plays a key role in promoting their progression into a more…
