• Coffee
• Chocolate
• Tea
• Alcohol
• Tobacco

However, before discussing foods that are rich in stimulants of the central nervous system (CNS), it is important to introduce the CNS and the different classes of stimulants.

1- What Is the Central Nervous System?

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The central nervous system is made of the brain and the spinal cord that are protected within the skull and the spine (vertebral column).

Nerves that leave or enter the central nervous system (CNS) are known as the peripheral nervous system and are divided into sensory nerves and motor nerves.

Sensory nerves are the nerves that transmit information from the body to the brain, while motor nerves transmit information from the brain to the body.

2- What do Stimulants Do to the Central Nervous system?

Stimulants induce the activity of the central nervous system through the following mechanisms:

• Increase the release of neurotransmitters

Depending on the type of neurotransmitter, some of them reduce nerve impulses such as GABA, while other transmitters promote nerve impulses such as glutamate.

• Stimulate post-synaptic receptors

When neurotransmitters are released in the synapses by a neuron, they go and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron or organ. It is like crossing from one side of a river to the other side. These receptors are called post-synaptic receptors.

• Block the reuptake of neurotransmitters

After a neurotransmitter has completed its function, it is reabsorbed by a transporter that is found on the cell membrane of a neuron.

This reuptake of neurotransmitters is a type of recycling that also allows the control of the duration of the activity of the neurotransmitter.

An excess of neurotransmitter activity can result in excitotoxicity which is associated with excessive activation of the neurotransmitter that can cause damage or death of nerve cells.

Damages and death of the nerve cells that are due to excitotoxicity can result in diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), traumatic brain injury, and stroke.

Neurotransmitters are messengers that transmit specific chemical instructions from a neuron to another neuron and from neurons to tissues and organs. 

Here are some of the neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system:

• Acetylcholine
• Dopamine
• Glutamate
• GABA
• Serotonin
• Norepinephrine
• Histamine
• Adenosine

As neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, they hold instructions such as excitatory (Doing) or inhibitory (Stop doing) information that is communicated and conveyed between neurons until they reach the target tissue or organ responsible for the execution of a specific action such as thinking, learning, emotions, memory, and movement.

3- CNS Stimulants Classification

• Analeptic stimulants

Analeptic stimulants are substances that stimulate respiration. They are mostly used for respiratory depression during coma, due to drug overdose or anesthesia [1].

Analeptic stimulants include plant alkaloids such as strychnine and synthetic compounds such as doxapram and pentylenetetrazol.

• Psychomotor Stimulants

Psychomotor stimulants are substances that stimulate arousal, alertness, and motor activity. They are clinically used for the treatment of attention-deficit or hyperactivity disorder.

This type of stimulant includes compounds such as cocaine and amphetamines.

• Methylxanthines

Methylxanthines are substances that are naturally present in certain plants and that derive from the purine base xanthine.

They are used in the treatment of lung conditions such as asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) but are also used as general stimulants [2].

This type of stimulant includes caffeine, theophylline, and Theobromine.

4- What Foods Are Stimulants

• Coffee

Coffee is rich in the methylxanthine stimulant caffeine which has psychoactive effects on the central nervous system resulting in changes in perception, cognition, mood, behavior, and consciousness.

The psychoactive effect of caffeine is associated with its inhibition of the neurotransmitter adenosine which is a depressant that favors sleep and blocks arousal [3].

• Tobacco

Tobacco is rich in nicotine that stimulates the central nervous system by inducing the release of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, b-endorphin, and norepinephrine.

In addition to its effect on mood, nicotine intake also results in vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), tachycardia, and hypertension [4].

Medically, nicotine (not tobacco) is used to reduce aggression in individuals with autism spectrum disorder [5].

Nicotine is found at a higher concentration in tobacco products; however, it is also found at very low concentrations in potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants.

• Chocolate

Chocolate contains the methylxanthine stimulant theobromine which inhibits the function of the neurotransmitter adenosine, a depressant that favors sleep and blocks arousal [6].

The inhibition of the neurotransmitter adenosine is like the caffeine one but at a lower level.

Theobromine is also a vasodilator (widening of vessels), a diuretic, and a heart stimulator. Medically, it is used as a bronchodilator and a vasodilator.

• Tea

Tea contains caffeine but also low levels of theophylline and theobromine. Theophylline is also a methylxanthine stimulant that blocks the activity of the neurotransmitter adenosine [7].

Theophylline is a vasodilator, a smooth muscle, and cardiac muscles stimulant, and a diuretic.

It also increases gastric secretion and plays a role in anti-inflammation.

Medically, theophylline is used for the treatment of asthma.

• Alcohol

Alcohol is also known as ethanol. Alcohol is a stimulator of the central nervous system through the induction of the release of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, which results in a feeling of pleasure.

However, this stimulant effect is soon replaced by an anti-depressant effect [8].

Conclusion

Coffee, tea, chocolate, alcohol, and tobacco are consumed by many people in the world. While health risks associated with chocolate, tea, and coffee are very low, the consumption of alcohol and tobacco have a higher health risk.

Although the consumption of caffeine is associated with a dependency associated with its relatively strong methylxanthine stimulant effect, nicotine and alcohol consumption have much higher dependencies that can be extremely difficult to cure.

In addition, tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for cancer, while alcoholism can lead to mental health issues such as depressed mood and an increased risk of suicide. Other effects of alcoholism are associated with an increased risk of diseases such as liver cirrhosis, heart disease, epilepsy, and alcoholic dementia.

The post What Foods Are Central Nervous System Stimulants? appeared first on .

1. Physiological Mechanisms of Headaches and Migraines

Migraine can be due to a genetic complex familial disorder that is most likely governed by several genes, however, both headache and migraine are caused by trigeminal nerve activation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from the trigeminovascular system.

The trigeminal nerve transmits sensations of touch and pain in the face and motor functions. These sensations are transmitted through the nerve’s three major branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves [1].

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide produced and secreted by the thyroid C cells and stored in the trigeminovascular system, which consists of a complex of sensory neurons that innervate cerebral blood vessels, pial vessels, dura mater, and large venous sinuses.

Once released from these neurons, CGRP has been associated with nociceptive transmission (perception or sensation of pain), and release from perivascular nerve endings causing neurogenic vasodilatation [2]. 

2. Causes of Headaches and Migraines

Several causes trigger a headache and migraine, and among these, stress, environment, diet, hormones, lack of sleep, and gallbladder disorders, are the main ones.

A. Stress and Migraines

Migraines and headaches are often caused by stress. When a person is stressed, the body releases certain hormones which can trigger migraines and headaches. These hormones can cause the blood vessels in the head to dilate, leading to pain [3].

Additionally, stress can lead to tension headaches, which are caused by muscle contractions in the neck and head. Tension headaches are the most common type of headache, and they can be triggered by stress, fatigue, poor posture, and eyestrain.

B. Diet and Migraines

Many experts believe that diet may play a role. Some foods are known to trigger migraines and headaches, including aged cheeses, processed meats, nuts, and chocolate. Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine can also bring on these unpleasant symptoms [4].

If you suffer from migraines or headaches, it’s important to keep track of what foods seem to aggravate them. Try eliminating suspected triggers from your diet for a few weeks and see if your symptoms improve. You may also want to try eating smaller meals more often throughout the day instead of three large meals. Getting enough sleep and regular exercise can also help reduce the likelihood of migraines and headaches.

C. Gall Bladder and Migraines

The association between the gall bladder and migraines has been shown by a study of 20,427 patients who were diagnosed with gallbladder stone disease (GSD) between 2000 and 2011 from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The study reported a greater cumulative incidence of migraines in patients with GSD compared with those without GSD [5].  

D. Environmental Factors and Migraines

Environmental factors that cause headaches and migraines are associated with seasonal allergies and weather changes that can affect the sinuses.

E. Hormones and Migraines

A link between hormones such as estrogens and migraines has also been reported. This is reflected by the increased frequency of migraines during menstruation [6].

F. Sleep and Migraines

Finally, a lack of sleep is another cause of headaches and migraines. This interaction was shown by a study of 50 migraineurs which confirmed previous observations that sleep is a common way of ending the headache phase [7].

3. Headaches and Migraines treatment

Migraines can be debilitating and frustrating. Many people do not know how to treat them. There are many treatments for migraines, but what works for one person may not work for another. Some people find that over-the-counter medications work well (e.g., Ibuprofen or Aspirin), while others need prescription medication.

Some people find that they need to see a neurologist to get help with their migraines. Several alternative treatments can help, including acupuncture and chiropractic care.

4. Frequently Asked Questions About What Causes Headaches and Migraines

What causes headaches and migraines?

Headaches and migraines can be caused by various factors, including stress, tension, dehydration, lack of sleep, hormonal changes, certain foods, environmental factors, and underlying health conditions.

Can weather changes cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, some people are sensitive to changes in weather patterns, such as barometric pressure changes, which can trigger headaches and migraines.

Are headaches and migraines hereditary?

There is evidence to suggest that genetics play a role in predisposing individuals to migraines. If one or both parents have a history of migraines, there’s an increased likelihood of experiencing them.

Can food and drinks trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, certain foods and drinks, such as aged cheeses, processed meats, caffeine, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners, can trigger headaches and migraines in susceptible individuals.

Can stress cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, stress is a common trigger for both tension headaches and migraines. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and mindfulness can help reduce the frequency and severity of headaches.

Are there any specific environmental factors that can trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, environmental factors such as bright lights, loud noises, strong odors, and changes in altitude or air pressure can trigger headaches and migraines in some people.

Can hormonal changes trigger headaches and migraines?

Yes, hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can trigger migraines in some individuals.

Are there certain medical conditions that can cause headaches and migraines?

Yes, underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure, sinus infections, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder, and intracranial abnormalities can cause headaches and migraines.

How can I determine what triggers my headaches and migraines?

Keeping a headache diary can help identify triggers by tracking factors such as food and drink intake, sleep patterns, stress levels, weather changes, and menstrual cycles, along with headache occurrence.

When should I see a doctor about my headaches and migraines?

You should see a doctor if you experience severe or frequent headaches, headaches that worsen over time, headaches accompanied by other symptoms such as vision changes, numbness, weakness, or difficulty speaking, or if your headaches interfere with daily activities despite over-the-counter treatments.

Conclusion

Although some headaches and migraines appear to be due to a hereditary genetic complex familial disorder, most are due to stress and diet that can be individually controllable through a healthy lifestyle.

Other types of headaches and migraines are periodic due to menstruation in women and environmental changes. However, treatment for gallbladder stone disease is required for related headaches and migraines.

References

[1] https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/trigeminal-nerve/

[2] Benemei, S., Nicoletti, P., Capone, J.G. and Geppetti, P., 2009. CGRP receptors in the control of pain and inflammation. Current opinion in pharmacology, 9(1), pp.9-14.

[3] Sauro, K.M. and Becker, W.J., 2009. The stress and migraine interaction. Headache: The journal of head and face pain, 49(9), pp.1378-1386.

[4] Finocchi, C. and Sivori, G., 2012. Food as trigger and aggravating factor of migraine. Neurological Sciences, 33(1), pp.77-80.

[5] Chen, C.H., Lin, C.L. and Kao, C.H., 2018. Gallbladder stone disease is associated with an increased risk of migraines. Journal of clinical medicine, 7(11), p.455.

[6] MacGregor, A., 2000. Migraine associated with menstruation. Functional neurology, 15, pp.143-153.

[7] Blau, J.N., 1982. Resolution of migraine attacks: sleep and the recovery phase. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 45(3), pp.223-226.

The post What Causes Headaches and Migraines? appeared first on .