Inflammation is a natural process by which the body’s immune system fights against injuries, infections, chemicals, and radiation. It is characterized by the following signs: 1. What Is the Main Cause of Inflammation in the Body? There are many causes of inflammation that is triggered by the body’s immune system: 2. What Happens During Inflammation?…
Joint diseases include any pathology affecting an articulation or more, resulting in inflammation and degeneration of the articular tissues. The following disorders are the most common: Joint diseases or arthropathies can be due to joint trauma, autoimmunity, infections, metabolic, or heredity. 1. What is joint Made of? Joints or articulations connect the bones of the…
The body temperature is controlled by a small area of the brain known as the hypothalamus which maintains the body’s temperature through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus works like a thermostat for the body and maintains the temperature in the range of 97.7-99.5 °F (36.5-37.5 °C) [1]. Hypothermia is when the body temperature is lower than 95…
Neuroinflammation is the inflammation of the brain or the spinal cord due to the production of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species. 1- What Are cytokines? Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by white blood cells, such as lymphocytes T and lymphocytes B, and endothelial cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells….
Neurotransmitters are messengers that transmit specific chemical instructions from a neuron to another neuron and from neurons to tissues and organs. The 7 major neurotransmitters are: Neurotransmitters are produced by neurons and released in gaps that are found between neurons and between neurons and organs. These junctions are known as synapses. When neurotransmitters are released…
Being hungry is natural and can be due to increased physical activity or pregnancy. However, an increased appetite over a long period of time could be a result of mental health disorders or diseases: I. Hunger and Mental Disorders 1- Hunger, Stress, and Anxiety The link between appetite, stress, and anxiety is associated with the…
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause cardiovascular diseases through the following mechanisms: Approximately 34% of middle-aged men and 17% of middle-aged women are diagnosed with OSA [1]. The prevalence of OSA is estimated at 40% to 80% in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and stroke…
The immune system starts to become weak around the age of 60 years through a process known as immunosenescence. It is estimated that 2 billion people will have an age of over 60 by 2050 [1], and therefore, would be affected by immunosenescence. What Is Immunosenescence? Immunosenescence is the process of aging of our immune…
Aging is a natural and time-dependent decline in body function due to alterations at the molecular and cellular levels that leads to changes in the function of the cardiovascular system, the brain, the digestive system, the bladder and urinary tract, the muscles, joints, and muscles, the eyes and ears, the teeth, and the skin. Changes…
Wound healing is a natural reaction of our body to tissue injury that involves crosstalk between different cells, cytokines, mediators, and the vascular system to repair the damaged tissue. It involves 4 main phases including homeostasis, inflammatory response, proliferation, and remodeling [1]. 1- What Are the Stages of Wound Healing? Homeostasis Phase This phase involves…
